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The Vilnius Ghetto

Jewish Life in Vilnius/Vilna

To read more on Ponary click [here]

Pre-War photo of Vilnius/Vilna

Jews have played a part in the history of Lithuania since the 14th century, lured to the region by tolerant Lithuanian Dukes seeking to make advancements in trade and culture. Jews first arrived as merchants, artisans, and traders, but soon evolved into an integral component of Lithuania's national identity. The very first documents mentioning Jews in Vilnius date back as early as 1567.

At that time Jews did not have the right to purchase houses in the city, they could only rent them. Jews gained the right to own buildings in Vilnius only in 1593. Before that, they were allowed to reside in the lands which did not belong to the magistrate, so called jurisdiks.

Synagogue in Vilnius (circa 1929)

At the end of 16th - beginning of 17th centuries they were allowed to inhabit Zhydų (Jewish), Šv. Mykolo (Saint Michael's), and Mėsinių (Butchers') streets. They could also live on Vokietchių (German) street, but the windows of their apartments could not face the street.

The Jewish quarter was formed in the Old Town. According to 1784 census there were around 5000 Jews in Vilnius at that time; according to 1897 census Jews constituted 38.8% of town's population (64.000 Jews). By the early twentieth century, half of the city's 120,000 strong population were Jews, most of whom spoke Yiddish. 

Vilnius became the hub of Judaic religious culture in Europe, with over 110 synagogues, 10 yeshivas, and was home to the famed Yiddish Institute of Higher Learning (YIVO) and the Strashum Library, which housed the world's largest collection of Yiddish-language books; (both were destroyed by the Nazis). 

The city was known as the  "Jerusalem of the North" due to a high concentration of Talmudic Scholars, and  historical connection to the famed Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (1720-1797) otherwise known as "The Gaon" or "Genius of Vilna"   Elijah ben Solomon Zalman was the learned Rabbi who edited and commented on the Babylonian Talmud.

"Cantors" in Vilnius

Anti-Semitism had been rampant in Lithuania since 1881 when a band of military conscripts attacked Jewish shops, burning and looting. Jews banded together to defend their families and property but sporadic pogroms continued throughout the region for the next 50 years.

 

On October 28, 1939 there was another outbreak of anti-Jewish riots in Vilnius. As rioters ransacked the city, Jewish tradesmen once again organized defense groups to oppose the attackers. However more often than not, Lithuanian policemen would beat Jewish victims rather than trying to reconvene peace. The riots lasted for three days, and followed with rumors of more anti-Semitic assaults on November 10-11, which were "traditional" dates for such events.

In June 1940 Lithuania was annexed to the Soviet Union and became a Soviet Republic. At first Jews living in Vilna welcomed the Soviet troops in hope that they might be protected from the rampant anti-Semitism displayed by the Lithuanians but they were soon to feel differently as all the Zionist parties and youth organizations were disbanded and some of the members forced to join the "Comsomol" (Communist Youth Organization).

The Hebrew school was closed and in its place a Yiddish school opened, Jewish businesses were nationalized and given over to Commissars' shops were closed and the supply of goods decreased resulting in crippling price inflation.

The middle class, mostly Jewish, bore most of the brunt, and the standard of living dropped gradually. in  June 1941 several Jewish families were exiled into Russia as "Unreliable Elements".

 

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/vilnius.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

Paul Blobel

  Einsatzgruppen Commander

Sonderkommando 1005

 

Blobel personnel record

Paul Blobel was born on 13 August 1894 in Potsdam. He served in First World War where he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class. After the Great War Blobel studied architecture and practised this profession from 1924 until 1931 upon losing his job he joined the Nazi Party and the SS on 1 December 1931.

 

Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union Blobel took command of Einsatzkommando 4a of Einsatzgruppe C that operated in the Ukraine. As well as shooting the Nazis murdered Jews in gas-vans, Eimsatzgruppe C was issued at least five gas vans and gave two to Sonderkommando 4A, two to Einsatzkommando 6 and one to Einsatzlommando 5.

 

A member of the group testified after the war:

 

Two gas vans were in service I saw them myself. They drove into the prison yard, and the Jews – men, women and children – had to get straight into the vans from their cells.

 

Transport of Jews to Chelmno

I know what the interior of the vans look like. It was covered with sheet metal and fitted with a wooden grid. The exhaust fumes were piped into the interior of the vans. I can still hear the hammering and the screaming of the Jews – “Dear Germans let us out!”

 

The Jews went through our cordon and into the van without hesitating. As soon as the doors were shut, the driver started the engine. He drove to a spot outside Poltava. I was there when the van arrived.

 

As the doors were opened, dense smoke emerged, followed by a tangle of crumpled bodies. It was a frightful sight. The driver for Paul Blobel, testified after the war regarding the unloading of one of these gas-vans:

 

The use of the gas vans was the most horrible thing I have ever seen. I saw people being led into the vans and the doors closed. Then the van drove off. I had to drive Blobel to the place where the gas vans were unloaded.

 

SS men stand next to the bodies of dead Jews in Chelmno

The back doors of the van were opened, and the bodies that had not fallen out when the doors were opened were unloaded by Jews who were still alive. The bodies were covered with vomit and excrement. It was a terrible sight. Blobel looked then he looked away, and we drove off, on such occasions Blobel always drunk schnapps, sometimes even in the car.  

 

Blobel organised the infamous massacre of 33,771 Kiev Jews which took place in the Babi Yar ravine, the Einsatzgruppen reports give the full credit for the massacre to Blobel, but at the War Crimes Trial in Nuremburg Blobel protested his absence from Kiev, and declared further that only fifteen of his fifty-three men could be detailed for the executions.

 

In March 1942 Albert Hartel, a Gestapo expert on church affairs, was driving with Blobel towards a country villa outside Kiev used by Brigadefuhrer Thomas, the Higher SS and Police Leader. At the Babi Yar ravine, Hartel noticed small explosions, which threw up columns of earth. It was the thaw, releasing the gases from thousands of bodies, and Blobel explained – “Here my Jews are buried.”

 

The aftermath of a mass killing action

But Blobel was not quit of the affair. Two months later he was sent for in Berlin by Heydrich who was about to leave for Prague and his own death. After the passage of more than five years, the words of that steel –faced young man were still indelibly stamped on the memory of the Nuremburg defendant:

 

“Well you have developed a stomach. You are just a cissy, only fit to be employed as porcelain –manufacturer – but I will push your nose much deeper into it. You will report to Obergruppenfuhrer Muller.” Henceforward Blobel’s unique assignment was to destroy the traces of mass burials in Poland and Russia. Blobel was in Chelmno in September 1942 and in the following June he was back in the Babi Yar ravine, where his knowledge and experience showed the exhumation squad where to dig.

 

A pit filled with corpses to be burned

Returning to Chelmno, after his appointment Blobel along with a small staff of three or four men, began experimenting with systems for burning bodies. The place chosen for these experiments was Chelmno, the first death camp that had been established and had been operating since the end of 1941.

 

Jews from the Lodz area had already been gassed at Chelmno in gas-vans and buried in pits in a nearby forest. The pits were opened, and the first experiments were carried out. Incendiary bombs were tried, but these caused large fires in the surrounding woods.

 

Then they started to cremate the bodies on wood in open fireplaces. The bones that remained were destroyed by a special bone-crushing machine. The ashes of the bodies and small fragments of bones were buried in the pits from which the bodies had been removed.

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/einsatz/blobel.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T

 

Sachsenhausen "Oranienburg"       Concentration Camp      
 

Prisoners return from forced labor to Sachsenhausen

The Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp was built in the summer of 1936 by concentration camp prisoners from the Emsland camps. Just north of Berlin, Sachsenhausen was one of the most notorious death camps of the Nazi empire and was liberated by Allied troops in 1945.   The camp is sometimes referred to as Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg. The name "Sachsen Hausen" means "Saxon's Houses" when translated to English.

Sachsenhausen was established in 1936 soon after Heinrich Himmler 'Reichsführer SS' was appointed to the post of 'head of the German police'.   The camp was located at the edge of Berlin, which gave it a position among the German concentration camps: the administrative centre of all concentration camps was located in Oranienburg, and Sachsenhausen became a training centre for SS officers (who would often be sent to oversee other camps afterwards).

Read the full article here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/sachsenhausen.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

 

 

 

 

Liquidation of the

Psychiatric Hospital in Chełm

 

The psychiatric hospital in Chełm Lubelski

At the time of its liquidation, the psychiatric hospital in Chełm Lubelski contained 450 mental patients - both Poles and Jews (128 women, 304 men and 18 children). Most of them were from the Lublin region. From the beginning of the German occupation the hospital had suffered from very difficult conditions, since the German authorities did not supply sufficient food or medicine. In November and December 1939, doctors decided to release those patients who did not require full time care. This left the 450 patients in the hospital who were very sick.

Several days before the execution, the hospital was visited by a delegation from the SS and Gestapo. The SS officers were very arrogant toward the hospital staff and patients during this visit. On 12 January 1940 an SS unit arrived at the hospital - 30 SS-men under the command an officer named Bielisch. They took several Polish workers from a nearby brick factory and ordered them to dig two mass graves in a location about 150 m from the hospital buildings.

Simultaneously, Bielisch gathered the entire hospital staff and ordered them to immediately leave the premises. Only 12 male nurses were allowed to remain. At that time the chief nurse of the children’s’ department, Nun Cichoslawa was severely beaten by the SS-men because she did not want to leave the children who were in the hospital.

In the evening the SS-men started to expel the patients from the hospital building. The Germans ordered the male nurses to take the patients from their beds and lead them to the entrance doors. Several machine guns stood opposite the doors. One was operated personally by Bielisch. The patients were executed immediately at the threshold of the hospital buildings.

Those patients who refused to leave voluntarily were thrown out of the windows of the hospital by SS-men and shot. Some patients tried to escape and were killed in the park in front of the building. The biggest problem the SS-men had was with the children. Some of these were hidden in wardrobes by doctors and nurses before the execution; others ran into the building trying to escape. All the children were finally caught and executed.

 

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/euthan/chelm.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

New Page 1

Gitla Rosenblum

Interview with Survivor of the Grande Rafle - Pithviers and Drancy   

[Photos added to enhance the text]

  

Les Halles in Paris

“My parents came to Paris from Poland in 1930 and had twelve years of very difficult life. Mother had a grocery, at night she went to Les Halles, and in the morning she did her baking. My father worked in a butchers, they each did an eighteen-hour day. 

 

I had a brother who was much older than I, he was twenty-five, married with a child. He was arrested in 1941 and interned in Pithviers. It begun like that, life was very perturbed.

 

We sent him parcels – his wife and child had not been taken. I know my sister (Sarah) and I were due to go to a holiday camp by the sea. My parents had bought us each a little suitcase to pack our holiday clothes in, and those suitcases served us for our arrest. I was ten, Sarah was five.

 

French Police arrest Jews in Paris

On July 16 the French police knocked at our door and asked us to prepare. We’ll be back to fetch you in two or three hours, they said, we’re taking you for checking your papers.

 

It is untrue that many people understood what this meant, did not wait for the return of the police, but escaped. It is probable that some policemen did not do it light-heartedly, but very few gave a warning that lives were at risk.

 

My parents were very religious, observant: they were people of great probity. They decided they would wait – they had done nothing wrong and there was nothing to reproach them with.

 

So they stayed got dressed, and prepared a small bundle. My father went to the synagogue to fetch a scroll, the Torah, which a pious Jew ought to have on him, if he is going away.

 

The police returned and took us on foot, about 500 metres to a collecting place in the Rue des Rosiers. We lived in the fourth arrondissement, at 18 Rue Saint-Croix de la Bretonnerie. There we were escorted into buses, along with thousands of children who were crying, and old people, some being dragged in pitiful states of health.

 

Jewish men in Paris being taken away, many never to be seen again

We were driven to the Velodrome d’Hiver, a big arena for bicycling races, and there we remained in the most atrocious conditions. There were a few Red Cross helpers, but we were under the French police.

 

Rumour and propaganda was out of control, people screamed all night long. Women threw themselves off the top of the stands. I still hear the screams. I can see the scenes today. We stayed there eight days, the conditions were dreadful, the lavatories were the worst, blocked and the smells and the filth was pestilential. There was no room, we were cramped together.    

 

Jews in the Velodrome in Paris, awaiting deportation.

Then we were taken again in buses to the station and piled into cattle trucks, one on top of the other. The journey to Pithviers lasted a few hours. There my father and another brother, age thirteen were separated.

 

My mother, a sixteen -year old sister the little one and I were put into huts. After two or three weeks there was an assembly, and my mother and sisters saw my father and brother. Their heads had been shaved. That was the departure for Auschwitz.

 

We were separated again, this just my little sister and me, I can see the roll call of the crowd. My father wore a beard and it had been cut off too – it was an atrocious sight. They were taken off in transports whose destination nobody knew. Not one of them came back.

 

My sister and I were born in Paris, we had French nationality, and this time they were taking foreign-born Jews. We stayed for weeks with a multitude of children at Pithviers, until we were taken to Drancy, where we lived for some weeks in terrible conditions.

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/survivor/rosenblum.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

The Vilnius Ghetto

Jewish Life in Vilnius/Vilna

To read more on Ponary click [here]

Pre-War photo of Vilnius/Vilna

Jews have played a part in the history of Lithuania since the 14th century, lured to the region by tolerant Lithuanian Dukes seeking to make advancements in trade and culture. Jews first arrived as merchants, artisans, and traders, but soon evolved into an integral component of Lithuania's national identity. The very first documents mentioning Jews in Vilnius date back as early as 1567.

At that time Jews did not have the right to purchase houses in the city, they could only rent them. Jews gained the right to own buildings in Vilnius only in 1593. Before that, they were allowed to reside in the lands which did not belong to the magistrate, so called jurisdiks.

Synagogue in Vilnius (circa 1929)

At the end of 16th - beginning of 17th centuries they were allowed to inhabit Zhydų (Jewish), Šv. Mykolo (Saint Michael's), and Mėsinių (Butchers') streets. They could also live on Vokietchių (German) street, but the windows of their apartments could not face the street.

The Jewish quarter was formed in the Old Town. According to 1784 census there were around 5000 Jews in Vilnius at that time; according to 1897 census Jews constituted 38.8% of town's population (64.000 Jews). By the early twentieth century, half of the city's 120,000 strong population were Jews, most of whom spoke Yiddish. 

Vilnius became the hub of Judaic religious culture in Europe, with over 110 synagogues, 10 yeshivas, and was home to the famed Yiddish Institute of Higher Learning (YIVO) and the Strashum Library, which housed the world's largest collection of Yiddish-language books; (both were destroyed by the Nazis). 

The city was known as the  "Jerusalem of the North" due to a high concentration of Talmudic Scholars, and  historical connection to the famed Elijah ben Solomon Zalman (1720-1797) otherwise known as "The Gaon" or "Genius of Vilna"   Elijah ben Solomon Zalman was the learned Rabbi who edited and commented on the Babylonian Talmud.

"Cantors" in Vilnius

Anti-Semitism had been rampant in Lithuania since 1881 when a band of military conscripts attacked Jewish shops, burning and looting. Jews banded together to defend their families and property but sporadic pogroms continued throughout the region for the next 50 years.

 

On October 28, 1939 there was another outbreak of anti-Jewish riots in Vilnius. As rioters ransacked the city, Jewish tradesmen once again organized defense groups to oppose the attackers. However more often than not, Lithuanian policemen would beat Jewish victims rather than trying to reconvene peace. The riots lasted for three days, and followed with rumors of more anti-Semitic assaults on November 10-11, which were "traditional" dates for such events.

In June 1940 Lithuania was annexed to the Soviet Union and became a Soviet Republic. At first Jews living in Vilna welcomed the Soviet troops in hope that they might be protected from the rampant anti-Semitism displayed by the Lithuanians but they were soon to feel differently as all the Zionist parties and youth organizations were disbanded and some of the members forced to join the "Comsomol" (Communist Youth Organization).

The Hebrew school was closed and in its place a Yiddish school opened, Jewish businesses were nationalized and given over to Commissars' shops were closed and the supply of goods decreased resulting in crippling price inflation.

The middle class, mostly Jewish, bore most of the brunt, and the standard of living dropped gradually. in  June 1941 several Jewish families were exiled into Russia as "Unreliable Elements".

 

 

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ghettos/vilnius.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

 

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

 

Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

New Page 1Organizational Structure

Einsatzgruppe B

 

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Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

New Page 1

Police Battalion 101 in Poland

 

Police Battalion 101 Inspection at Lodz

 When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 Police Battalion 101 based in Hamburg was one of the initial battalions attached to a German army group and sent to Poland.

 

Crossing the border from Oppeln in Silesia, the battalion passed through Czestochowa to the Polish city of Kielce.

 

There it was involved in rounding up Polish soldiers and military equipment behind the front lines and guarding a prisoner of war camp.

 

On 17 December 1939 the battalion returned to Hamburg, where about a hundred of its career policemen were transferred to form additional units. They were replaced by middle-aged reservists drafted in autumn 1939.

 

In May 1940 after a period of training, the battalion was dispatched from Hamburg to the Warthegau, one of the four regions in western Poland annexed to the Third Reich as the incorporated territories.

 

Stationed first in Poznan (Posen) until late June and then Lodz – renamed Litzmannstadt by the Germans. The Police Battalion carried out “resettlement actions” for a period of five months, this was part of the Germans plan to “germanise” these newly annexed regions, with racially pure Germans, and to expel Jews and Gypsies into the General Gouvernement   

 

In all the battalion evacuated 36,972 people out of the targeted 58,628. About 22,000 people escaped the evacuations by fleeing. Following its five month resettlement campaign, the battalion carried out pacification actions combing villages and woods and they caught 750 Poles who had evaded earlier evacuations.

 

On 28 November 1940 the battalion took up guard duty around the Lodz ghetto, which had been sealed seven months earlier, at the end of April 1940, when 160,000 Jews of Lodz were cut off from the rest of the city, by a barbed wire fence.

 

Guarding the ghetto now became the major duty of Police Battalion 101, which had a standing order to shoot “without further ado” any Jew who ignored the posted warnings and came too close to the fence. This order was obeyed.

 

Guarding Lodz Ghetto *note the Jewish Policemen in the background.

 In May 1941 the battalion returned to Hamburg and was practically dissolved.

 

During the next year from May 1941 to June 1942, the battalion was reformed and underwent extensive training and the most notable event was the deportation of Hamburg Jews that the battalion took part in.

 

From mid-October 1941 to late February 1942 – 59 transports carried more than 53,000 Jews and 5,000 Gypsies from the Third Reich to the east.

 

East being Lodz, Riga, Kovno and Minsk, all of the transports to Kovno and the first transport to Riga were massacred on their arrival.

In June 1942, Reserve Battalion 101 was assigned another tour of duty in Poland.

 

The battalion was divided into three companies each of approximately 140 men when at full strength. Two companies were commanded by police captains, the third by the senior reserve lieutenant in the battalion.

 

Each company was divided into three platoons, two of them commanded by reserve lieutenants and the third by the platoon’s senior sergeant.

 

Each platoon was divided into four squads, commanded by a sergeant or corporal. The men were equipped with carbines, the non –commissioned officers with sub-machine guns.

 

Each company also had a heavy-machine gun detachment. Apart from the three companies, there was the personnel of the battalion staff, which included, in addition to the five administrative officials, a doctor and his aide, as well as various drivers, clerks, and communication specialists.

 

The battalion was commanded by fifty-three year old Major Wilhelm Trapp, a World War One veteran and recipient of the Iron Cross First Class.

 

In combat outside of Lodz

After the war he became a career policeman, and rose through the ranks. Two captains, both young SS men in their late twenties also played a significant role in the murder actions in Poland, Wolfgang Hoffmann, born in 1914 and Julius Wohlauf born in 1913, who even took his pregnant wife to witness the brutal expulsion of the Jews of Miedzyrzec in late August 1942.

 

Other notable officers serving in Police Batallion 101 were Hartwig Gnade, Paul Brand, Heinz Buchmann, Oscar Peters, Walter Hoppner, Hans Scheer, and Kurt Drucker.

 

On 20 June 1942 the battalion received orders for a “special action” in Poland and left for Poland from the Sternschanze station, and the battalion arrived in the Polish town of Zamosc, and five days later the battalion headquarters was moved to Bilgoraj.

 

The battalion was reassembled in Bilgoraj on 12 July 1942 where Trapp informed the First and Second Company commanders Captain Wohlauf and Lieutenant Gnade of the next days task.

 

The truck convoy departed from Bilgoraj around 0200 hours on the 13 July 1942 arriving in Jozefow just as the sky was beginning to lighten.

 

The village was surrounded and the Jews were rounded up and taken to the marketplace, those too frail to walk to the marketplace, as well as infants were shot on the spot.

 

 

 

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/einsatz/polbat101.html

 

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

 

Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

 

From Cities to Villages – Widespread Terror     

Nazi soldiers parading through Warsaw after the invasion of Poland 1939

The German invasion and subsequent occupation of Poland triggered the persecution of the Polish and Jewish population. The mass murder and ill treatment of Jews was often carried out amidst scenes of utter barbarity and contempt for the Jews, whom the Germans regarded as Untermensch (sub-human).   Warsaw   On December 1 1939 the Krakauer Zeitung reported from Warsaw under the heading Polish Policeman murdered by Jews:   “A Polish policeman in uniform was shot while on duty on November 13 in Warsaw at Nalewki 9 by a Jewish gang. A second official was dangerously wounded by a shot.   The occupants of the house at Nalewki 9, hampered the search for the murderers, who had fled, by offering open resistance. In the meantime the police succeeded in tracing the murderer, a Jew and professional criminal, Pinkus Jankiel Zylbring, who on account of the war had been prematurely released from prison.   In his possession was found the weapon used for the murder. Because of their reprehensible conduct during the police investigations, fifty-three male Jews from the house, Nalewki 9, were shot.  

Jews rounded up in Mlawa

When German soldiers attempted to loot the business of Stephen Luxemburg, a Jewish goldsmith in Warsaw, he shouted for help. The soldiers left, but others soon came to search the premises and found German rifle bullets, which of course, they themselves had brought. Luxemburg was then taken out and shot.   Mr Hoffman the proprietor of the Café Esplanade, and a well-known citizen was executed on a charge of sabotage which consisted in leaving his job when put on forced labour.   Lodz    Mary Berg who went from Warsaw to Lodz wrote in her diary, on the 2 November 1939 on what she saw when she looked out of her window:   “A man with markedly Semitic features was standing quietly on the sidewalk near the curb. A uniformed German approached him and apparently gave him an unreasonable order, for I could see that the poor fellow tried to explain something with an embarrassed expression.   Then a few other uniformed Germans came upon the scene and began to beat their victims with rubber truncheons. They called a cab and tried to push him into it, but he resisted vigorously.   The Germans then tied his legs together with a rope, attached the end of the rope to the cab from behind and ordered the driver to start. The unfortunate man’s struck the sharp stones of the pavement, dyeing them red with blood. Then the cab vanished down the street”.   Ostrow Mazowiecka   When a fire broke out in the town, the Jews were blamed, and all who remained – 600 men, women and children were taken to the outskirts and murdered.  

Synagogue in flames in Przemysl

Przemysl   Eight hundred Jews of Przemysl are said to have been led across the bridge to the German occupied part, where most of them were put to death.   Chelm & Hrubeiszow   Eighty-three Jews were shot between Chelm and Hrubieszow. They were part of a group of several hundred Jews driven out the two towns by the German military command. They were put to death, because when the Germans ordered them to run in the direction of the frontier of the Russian –occupied areas, they did not run fast enough.   Lask   In January 1940 German police officers boasted that during house searches in the small town of Lask, one hundred Jews were shot. Outside a synagogue in the same town a crowd of Jews tried to prevent the Germans from entering.   The Nazi police used their guns killing several hundred Jews. The synagogue was razed to the ground.

Read more here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/jewishpersecution.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org


Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto

 

Essays & Editorials The Department of History, University of Northampton & The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team  

BBC Interview with Matthew Feldman on David Irving

    MP3 Audio files   Get Windows Media Player [here]

• Part 1

Matthew Feldman discusses David Irving, his recent incarceration, his work as a historian; both past & present.           Also discussed is global Holocaust Denial.

           

• Part 2

How images of the Holocaust impact peoples views relating to denial, and how physical evidence can be manipulated or rejected by  Holocaust revisionists.   Also discussed are issues of Free Speech, and  what constitutes racial and religious hatred.

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org
 
 

Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

Action Reinhard Staff Photos   You can learn about each of the individuals pictures on the Action Reinhard Personnel page
click to advance to next page
 

 

Belzec smiling workers & guard 800 X 562 62 KB	Blaurock - Sobibor 568 X 800 51 KB	Bred, Ment, Moller, Hirtreiter 800 X 553 79 KB	Bredow in Italy 800 X 552 67 KB
Eberl - Treblinka 472 X 799 42 KB	Erich Fuchs 581 X 800 30 KB	Felfe - Treblinka 531 X 800 34 KB	Fichtner - Belzec admin 800 X 539 51 KB
Floss 546 X 799 34 KB	Forker - Treblinka 548 X 800 49 KB	Franz in Belzec 799 X 572 66 KB	Fritz_Hirche 302 X 385

See the full gallery here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/ar/arstaffphotos/index.html The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team www.HolocaustResearchProject.org   Copyright Carmelo Lisciotto H.E.A.R.T 2009

New Page 1

The Boy in the Photo?

The Warsaw Ghetto & The Stroop Report

 

 

The above photo is one of the most iconic photographs of the Holocaust, the German Guard pointing the machine gun is known, the little boy is not known, but some of the other people captured in this photo, have been identified.

 

The photo was included in the infamous Stroop Report – “The Warsaw Ghetto no longer exists.”

 

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

 

Extracts from the book by Richard Raskin

 

The Boy in the Photograph

 

There are four possible identities for the little boy at gunpoint. 

• Artur Dab Siemiatek

The destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto

It was advanced as early as 1950, but documentation was first found in 1977-78, one source was responsible for making the claim, a woman named Jadwiga Piesecka, who was a resident of Warsaw.

 

According to a statement she signed on 24 January 1977, the boy in the photograph was named Artur Siemiatek born in Lowicz in 1935.

 

He was the son of Leon Siemiatek, and Sara Dab and the grandson of the signatory’s brother Josef Dab.

 

A similar attestation was signed the following year in Paris by Jadwiga Piesecka’s husband, Henryk Piasecki, dated 28 December 1978. 

 

• Tsvi Nussbaum

   

  In 1982 a 47 year old ear, nose and throat specialist in Rockland County New York, came forward that in 1943, at the age of seven, he had been arrested in Warsaw and ordered to raise his hands by an SS man standing in front of him and aiming a gun at him. And although he could not recall that a photograph was taken, Dr Nussbaum believes that he might be the child in the picture.

   

  Tsvi Nussbaum expressed uncertainty that he was the boy in the photo, whilst others say that it is him. There are indeed two specific factors that heavily way up, against him being that boy.

   

  The first is that although he was arrested in Warsaw, he had never set foot in the ghetto- the second is the date he was arrested. Tsvi Nussbaum clearly remembers that he was arrested on 13 July 1943. This was nearly two months after the Stroop report is thought to have been completed, and sent to Himmler and Kruger.

   

  In the early 30’s Nussbaum’s parents emigrated from Poland to Palestine, where Tsvi was born in 1935. When conflicts broke out between the Jews and the Arabs in Palestine, the Nussbaum family returned to Poland, settling in Sandomierz in 1939.

   

  By 1942 Tsvi Nussbaum parents had been murdered by the Nazis, and he was brought from Sandomiercz to live with an Aunt and Uncle, in hiding, on the Aryan section of the city.

Read the full article here:http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/boy.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

 

Copyright 2009 Carmelo Lisciotto  H.E.A.R.T

New Page 1 The Einsatzgrϋppen

 

Einsatzgruppen Execution

The Aftermath

Scenes of Einsatzgruppen murder

  The Einsatzgruppen were special SS mobile formations tasked with carrying out the mass murder of Jews, communist functionaries, and others deemed unfit to live by the Nazis.   They were first seen in action in Austria and the annexed parts of Czechoslovakia in 1938, as German forces occupied all (in the case of Austria) or certain regions (in the case of Czechoslovakia) of these countries in relatively peaceful annexations to the Reich.

An SD/ SS Unit Somewhere in Russia

 

Death on a Kiev Street

For the Polish campaign in 1939, Reinhard Heydrich, Chief of  Reich Security, formed 6 major Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei; five of these units were attached to the advancing German army, whilst the other unit was designated for service in the Posen (Poznan) district.   The total strength of the Einsatzgruppen during the Polish campaign, was approximately 2,700 men. Their prime role was the arrest of the politically unreliable, confiscation of weapons, police intelligence and actions against Jews.   From 1 September to 25 October 1939, over 500 towns and villages were burned and over 16,000 people were executed by the Einsatzgruppen.   Far more infamous were the Einsatzgruppen which were formed in the spring of 1941 for the campaign against Russia. Adolf Hitler issued an order that the Security Police and Security Services would assist the army in combating resistance behind the front lines. 

The Einsatzgruppen commanders were carefully selected by Heydrich from the best educated and most fanatical Nazis.

 

Read more about the Einsatzgruppen here:http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/einsatz/index.html

 

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

Owinska Mental Home, Poznan Fort VII and the Holocaust

 

Owinska Mental Home

Owinska is a town situated about 10 km north of Poznan. The home located there was the oldest established hospital for the mentally sick people in the Generalgouvernement, . The German army occupied Owinska in mid-September 1939, when the mental home was taken over by the Gau-Selbstverwaltung of Poznan and a Nazi commissioner appointed.

The new head demanded a list of all patients and prohibited the discharge of anyone from the hospital. The staff was told that the home would be closed and all patients transferred to other hospitals. 

In fact, SS Sonderkommando Lange was ordered to Owinska for the purpose of exterminating all patients. In the second half of October 1939, the first patients were collected by military trucks, under surveillance of SS men. 1-3 trucks left the home every day.

Fort VII in Poznan

The staff of the hospital had no knowledge of the vehicles’ destination. Initially all of the male patients were deported, followed by the women, and finally by 78 children on 11 November 1939. By 30 November 1939 the Owinska mental home was empty, apart from the few staff that remained to deal with business affairs.

Many of the patients were killed in a primitive gas chamber at Fort VII in Poznan. Later, mobile gas chambers (gas vans) drove patients to Murowana Goslina. During the drive, all of the victims were killed by the vans’ exhaust fumes.

Each incoming truck at Fort VII held about 25 persons. After their arrival they were taken to a gas chamber which was installed in a bunker in the courtyard of Fort VII. The closed door of the chamber was sealed with clay. The victims had to remain in the gas chamber while the SS installed gas cylinders with (probably) carbon monoxide besides the entrance.

Read the full article here: http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/euthan/poznan.html

The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team

www.HolocaustResearchProject.org

 

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